Idiomatic Translation

Examples:

}  At the drop of a hat                    = tanpa ada keraguan

}  Caught between two stools       = bingung dalam memilih 2 pilihan

}  Hit the nail on the head             = melakukan atau mengatakan sesuatu dengan benar

}  Once in a blue moon                 = kejadian yang langka

}  Kill two birds with one stone   = melakukan 2 pekerjaan sekaligus

Translation Procedures and Examples

• Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription."

Example: Malaysia = Malaysia

• Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82)

Example: Singapore = Singapura

• Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example: You = kamu, anda

• Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example:

• Descriptive equivalent: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example: Ramadhan = the Muslim month of fasting

• Componential analysis: it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)

Example: beside = disamping

• Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example: black = mysterious

• Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example: Normal School = Sekolah Normal

• Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86)

Example: clothes = pakaian

• Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)

Example: Product Liability Law = Undang-undang Perlindungan Konsumen (dalam konteks tertentu)

• Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)

Example:

• Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90) Example:

}  Example: lift an axe = Memegang kampak

• Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example:

• Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example:

• Notes: notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example:

Aesthetic-Poetic and Linguistic Translation

1.      Aesthetic-Poetic http://www.caramudahbelajarbahasainggris.net/2013/05/kumpulan-puisi-bahasa-inggris-terbaik-dan-artinya.html

A Deep Meaning of Friendship

Friendship is like the two rings that have different shapes

But can be combined with a very strong sense

Friendship is just a word

But it has a deep meaning

We’ll feel it when actually find

A continued friend in a life

Friendship has always been an oasis when we experience sadness

Friendship is always a joy to be complementary

A day without friends is very strange

Months without friends are very painful

True friends will always be missed

Talks will continue to be memorable

Easy to get a rich friend

But hard getting a forever friend

Because a true friend is not for a reason

---

Makna yang dalam tentang persahabatan

Persahabatan adalah seperti dua cincin yang memiliki bentuk yang berbeda

Tapi dapat dikombinasikan dengan rasa yang sangat kuat

Persahabatan adalah hanya sebuah kata

Tetapi memiliki makna yang dalam

Kita akan merasakannya saat benar-benar menemukan

Seorang sahabat yang terus ada dalam kehidupan

Persahabatan selalu menjadi oasis ketika kita mengalami kesedihan

Persahabatan melengkapi sebuah kegembiraan

Sebuah hari tanpa sahabat sangat aneh

Berbulan-bulan tanpa sahabat yang sangat menyakitkan

Teman sejati akan selalu dirindukan

Pembicaraan akan terus menjadi kenangan

Mudah untuk mendapatkan teman kaya

Tapi sulit mendapatkan teman sejati

Karena teman sejati datang bukan karena suatu alasan

---

2.  Linguistic Translation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language

Language is the human ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics.

The philosophy of language, such as whether words can represent experience, has been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece, with later thinkers such as Rousseau arguing that language came from emotions, while others like Kant held it came from logical thought. 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language. Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky.

Estimates of the number of languages in the world vary between 5,000 and 7,000. However, any precise estimate depends on a partly arbitrary distinction between languages and dialects. Natural languages are spoken or signed, but any language can be encoded into secondary media using auditory, visual, or tactile stimuli – for example, in graphic writing, braille, or whistling. This is because human language is modality-independent. Depending on philosophical perspectives regarding the definition of language and meaning, when used as a general concept, "language" may refer to the cognitive ability to learn and use systems of complex communication, or to describe the set of rules that makes up these systems, or the set of utterances that can be produced from those rules. All languages rely on the process of semiosis to relate signs to particular meanings. Oral and sign languages contain a phonological system that governs how symbols are used to form sequences known as words or morphemes, and a syntactic system that governs how words and morphemes are combined to form phrases and utterances.

The translation using translation machine (google translate)

Bahasa adalah kemampuan manusia untuk memperoleh dan menggunakan sistem yang kompleks komunikasi, dan bahasa adalah setiap contoh spesifik dari sistem tersebut. Penelitian ilmiah bahasa disebut linguistik.

Filsafat bahasa, seperti apakah kata-kata dapat mewakili pengalaman, telah diperdebatkan sejak Gorgias dan Plato di Yunani Kuno, dengan pemikir kemudian seperti Rousseau berdebat bahasa yang berasal dari emosi, sementara yang lain seperti Kant diadakan itu berasal dari pemikiran logis. Filsuf abad ke-20 seperti Wittgenstein berpendapat bahwa filsafat benar-benar mempelajari bahasa. Tokoh utama dalam linguistik mencakup Ferdinand de Saussure dan Noam Chomsky.

Perkiraan jumlah bahasa di dunia bervariasi antara 5.000 dan 7.000. Namun, setiap perkiraan yang tepat tergantung pada perbedaan sebagian sewenang-wenang antara bahasa dan dialek. Bahasa alam yang diucapkan atau ditandatangani, tetapi bahasa apapun dapat dikodekan dalam media sekunder dengan menggunakan pendengaran, penglihatan, atau rangsangan taktil - misalnya, dalam tulisan grafis, braille, atau bersiul. Hal ini karena bahasa manusia adalah modalitas-independen. Tergantung pada perspektif filosofis mengenai definisi bahasa dan makna, bila digunakan sebagai konsep umum, "bahasa" mungkin mengacu pada kemampuan kognitif untuk belajar dan sistem penggunaan komunikasi yang kompleks, atau untuk menggambarkan seperangkat aturan yang membentuk sistem ini, atau himpunan ucapan-ucapan yang dapat dihasilkan dari aturan-aturan. Semua bahasa bergantung pada proses semiosis untuk menghubungkan tanda-tanda untuk makna tertentu. Bahasa lisan dan tanda mengandung sistem fonologis yang mengatur bagaimana simbol-simbol yang digunakan untuk membentuk urutan yang dikenal sebagai kata-kata atau morfem, dan sistem sintaksis yang mengatur bagaimana kata-kata dan morfem digabungkan untuk membentuk frasa dan ucapan.